Types of Ransomware Explained: How to Protect Your Data in 2024

In the ever-evolving landscape of cyber threats, ransomware has become one of the most notorious villains lurking in the shadows. If you’re reading this, you’re probably wondering: what is a form of malicious software that infects your computer and asks for money?

Welcome to the unsettling world of ransomware—a type of malware designed to encrypt files, lock users out of their own systems, and demand a hefty ransom for their release.

Among these, crypto-ransomware attacks are highly common and destructive, encrypting important files and data and making them inaccessible without a decryption key.

These attacks often involve ransom demands in cryptocurrency, with no guarantee that paying will restore access to the victims' files.

So, how can you outwit these cyber foes and keep your sensitive data safe? Let’s dive into the types of ransomware, their history, and the security measures you can take for enhanced protection.

What is Ransomware?

Let's get down to business and learn everything you should know about a ransomware attack.

Definition and Explanation of Ransomware

Ransomware is a type of malicious software (malware) that infects a victim’s computer or network and restricts access to their files or system until a ransom is paid.

It's a form of cyber extortion that has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, with various types of ransomware emerging to target individuals, businesses, and organizations.

How Ransomware Attacks Work

A ransomware attack typically involves several stages:

1. Infection: The ransomware malware is installed on the victim’s device, often through phishing emails, exploited vulnerabilities, or human error.
2. Data Encryption: The ransomware encrypts the victim’s files, making them inaccessible without the decryption key.
3. Ransom Demand: The attackers demand a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key, usually in cryptocurrency.
   

Goals of Ransomware Attacks

The primary goal of ransomware attacks is to extort money from victims by encrypting their sensitive data and demanding a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key.

However, some ransomware variants, such as leakware (doxware), also aim to threaten the release of sensitive information unless the ransom is paid.

A Brief History of Ransomware: From Pranks to Prolific Threats

Before we dig into the different types of ransomware, let's take a stroll down the cyber-memory lane. Ransomware first reared its digital head in 1989 when the AIDS Trojan, also known as the PC Cyborg virus, was distributed via floppy disks (remember those?).

This early attempt was relatively amateur by today’s standards, but it laid the groundwork for what was to come. Ransomware has since evolved into a sophisticated and lucrative business, with the global ransomware market estimated to be worth billions.

Why does ransomware exist? Simply put, it’s an effective way for cybercriminals to make money. With advancements in data encryption and the growing complexity of digital systems, attackers have leveraged these tools to create more potent and diversified ransomware strains.

The line between mere nuisance and financial devastation has become frighteningly thin.

Types of Ransomware Attacks

Ransomware has split into numerous strains over the years, each with its own MO.

Understanding these types can help you recognize and combat them before they lock you out of your critical data.

Crypto Ransomware

• What is it? A type of ransomware that encrypts files, rendering them useless until a decryption key is provided.
• Primary Function: To restrict access to important data and demand payment in exchange for a decryption key.
• Examples: WannaCry and CryptoLocker.
• Notable Features:some text
  • Strong encryption algorithms.
  • Often spreads through phishing emails and malicious attachments.

Crypto ransomware is a true heavyweight in the malware arena. The primary function of crypto-ransomware is to encrypt files stored on your computer, effectively preventing access until the victim pays a ransom, usually in cryptocurrency.

One of the most famous crypto ransomware attacks was WannaCry, which wreaked havoc on computer systems globally in 2017, targeting vulnerabilities in Windows servers.

Victims were presented with a ransom note demanding payment to restore access, creating a massive wave of panic across personal and corporate systems.

Locker Ransomware

• What is it? A form of ransomware that prevents you from accessing your operating system.
• Examples: Police-themed ransomware that mimics law enforcement warnings.
• Notable Features:some text
  • It doesn't encrypt files but locks out access to the system.
  • Often accompanied by a scareware attack using fake antivirus software.

Locker ransomware is the older, albeit less common, cousin of crypto-ransomware.

Unlike crypto strains that target files, locker ransomware variants lock the victim out of their entire operating system, displaying a ransom note demanding payment to unlock access.

It’s like being locked out of your house with your keys inside and a note demanding Bitcoin to open the door.

Scareware

• What is it? A type of ransomware that uses fear tactics to trick users into paying up.
• Scareware Examples: Fake antivirus software that pops up with warnings of "malicious software detected."
• Notable Features:some text
  • Often, it doesn’t actually encrypt files or restrict access.
  • Relies on the victim’s fear and lack of technical knowledge.

Scareware is more of a psychological trick than an advanced cyber attack.

The scareware attack typically involves malicious pop-ups or fake antivirus software notifications, warning users of non-existent threats and prompting them to pay for a "solution."

While this form of ransomware might not always restrict access to files, it preys on the less tech-savvy, creating a profit with minimal effort.

Leakware (Doxware)

• What is it? A type of ransomware that not only encrypts files but also threatens to release sensitive data publicly if the ransom is not paid.
• Also Known As: Doxware
• Notable Features:some text
  • High-stakes pressure due to the threat of exposing personal or corporate data.
  • Often targets sensitive data such as Personally Identifiable Information (PII), financial records, and confidential business information.

Leakware, or doxware, is a particularly brutal strain of ransomware that combines data encryption with the threat of public exposure.

Unlike typical ransomware, which merely blocks access to files, leakware raises the stakes by threatening to leak sensitive data online.

Victims may face severe repercussions, from reputational damage and financial loss to, in some cases, physical threats due to exposed information.

Leakware attackers often go after high-value data—like PII, financial records, and proprietary business information—to increase the urgency and pressure on victims to pay.

Given the potential for significant fallout, leakware highlights the critical need for data encryption, secure backups, and strong cybersecurity protocols to protect sensitive information.

Double and Triple Extortion Ransomware

• What is it? Ransomware that combines data encryption with data theft or multiple layers of extortion.
• Examples: Maze ransomware.
• Notable Features:some text
  • Threatens to release stolen data if the ransom isn’t paid.
  • Triple extortion can involve blackmailing third parties affected by the data breach.

Imagine dealing with encrypted files and then finding out that your stolen data will be leaked if you don’t pay the ransom. That’s double extortion ransomware at its finest.

Maze ransomware popularized this tactic, proving that ransomware attackers weren’t just satisfied with one revenue stream.

Triple extortion adds another layer by targeting a third party—such as clients or business partners—to pressure the original victim.

Wiper Malware

• What is it? A destructive form of ransomware that permanently wipes data, often leaving no possibility of recovery.
• Examples: Petya ransomware, which has strains that act as wiper malware.
• Notable Features:some text
  • Irreversible data loss with no option for decryption, even if a ransom is paid.
  • Some variants may encrypt files before wiping them, adding an extra layer of devastation.

Wiper malware is the absolute nightmare scenario in the ransomware world.

Unlike other ransomware types that dangle the possibility of data restoration upon ransom payment, wiper malware has no intention of returning anything to the victim.

Some versions go so far as to encrypt files before wiping them, adding insult to injury. A notorious example is Petya ransomware, whose wiper strains wiped data without ever offering a decryption key, underscoring the devastation these attacks can cause.

With wiper malware, prevention is key. Comprehensive backup solutions and robust cybersecurity measures are vital to mitigate the risk, as there is no recovery from this kind of attack.

How Ransomware Spreads: Attack Vectors and Common Tactics

Ransomware attackers deploy various strategies to launch ransomware attacks. The most common attack vectors include:

• Phishing Attacks: Loaded with malicious email attachments or links, these attacks trick users into downloading malware.
• Malicious Attachments: Infected files that, when opened, encrypt files on the victim's computer.
• Compromised Websites and Malicious Ads: Visiting malicious websites or clicking on malicious ads can lead to ransomware being downloaded in the background.
• Remote Desktop Protocols (RDP): Attackers gain access to networked computer systems by exploiting weak RDP security.
• Software Vulnerabilities: Outdated or unpatched software is like an open invitation for ransomware attackers.

These vectors emphasize why keeping your system updated and securing network access with advanced threat protection measures is crucial.

The Legality and Consequences of Ransomware Attacks

While it might seem obvious that launching ransomware attacks is illegal, understanding the consequences is key. Cybercriminals can face severe penalties, from lengthy prison sentences to financial restitution.

However, the legality surrounding paying the ransom is murky. Some jurisdictions consider paying a ransom as incentivizing further attacks.

It’s always wise to consult with law enforcement and cybersecurity experts before making any moves.

General Cybersecurity Advice: Protecting Your Data in 2024

So, how do you protect your data against ransomware? Here are some critical security measures and tips:

1. Use Strong Antivirus Software: Good antivirus software can detect threats and provide early warning against potential attacks.
2. Keep Software Updated: Regular updates patch system vulnerabilities that ransomware strains often exploit.
3. Be Wary of Phishing Campaigns: Never click on email attachments or links from unknown sources. If it looks suspicious, it probably is, and these infected attachments will cause a lot of trouble.
4. Implement Network Segmentation: Isolate critical files and proprietary data to limit the damage in case of a breach.
5. Back-Up Important Data Regularly: Store backups offline or on separate, secure servers to prevent them from being encrypted during an attack.
6. Adopt Advanced Threat Protection Solutions: Tools that monitor network traffic and detect ransomware early are invaluable.
7. Use a VPN for Added Security: A VPN like Mysterium VPN encrypts your network traffic, making it harder for attackers to exploit vulnerabilities or intercept data. (Pro tip: Mysterium VPN is even more affordable now due to the Black Friday sale—grab it while you can!)

Ransomware Attacks Around the World

Ransomware attacks have hit countless organizations and individuals worldwide, but a few cases stand out due to their scale, impact, or notoriety.

Let’s look at some of the most infamous ransomware attacks that left their mark on the cybersecurity landscape.

WannaCry (2017)

One of the most notorious ransomware attacks in history, WannaCry spread like wildfire across 150 countries in May 2017, impacting hundreds of thousands of systems.

The attack exploited a vulnerability in Windows operating systems, dubbed EternalBlue, which had been leaked from the NSA's arsenal of cyber tools.

• Impact: WannaCry hit critical infrastructures, including hospitals, telecom companies, and government agencies, particularly in the UK’s NHS (National Health Service), where it disrupted patient care on a massive scale.
• Ransom Demand: Victims were asked to pay between $300 and $600 in Bitcoin.
• Resolution: Fortunately, a cybersecurity researcher discovered a "kill switch" that halted the spread, but the damage had already been done, with WannaCry estimated to have caused over $4 billion in damages.

NotPetya (2017)

Often mistaken for a variant of the Petya ransomware, NotPetya was actually a wiper malware disguised as ransomware.

Originating in Ukraine in June 2017, NotPetya initially targeted Ukrainian companies by infecting popular accounting software.

However, it quickly spread globally, affecting businesses and government systems.

• Impact: NotPetya is considered one of the costliest cyber attacks in history, causing around $10 billion in damages. It disrupted companies like Maersk, Merck, and FedEx, causing massive financial and operational disruptions.
• Ransom Demand: Victims were asked to pay $300 in Bitcoin, but the malware was designed to destroy data, making file recovery impossible even with payment.
• Resolution: As a wiper malware, NotPetya offered no way to recover data, leaving many organizations to rebuild systems from scratch.

Ryuk Ransomware (2018-Present)

Ryuk ransomware is infamous for targeting large organizations with substantial ransom demands.

Ryuk often infects systems through phishing emails and remote desktop protocol (RDP) exploits and is particularly known for its focus on healthcare, municipalities, and large corporations.

• Impact: Ryuk has affected numerous hospitals, media companies, and educational institutions, including major attacks on Universal Health Services and Baltimore County Public Schools. The financial impact of Ryuk attacks has been significant, with individual ransom demands often exceeding $1 million.
• Ransom Demand: Varies widely, with demands ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars.
• Resolution: Many victims, including some hospitals and municipalities, have paid the ransom to regain access to critical systems.

Maze Ransomware (2019-2020)

Maze ransomware took ransomware to a new level by introducing "double extortion." The Maze operators encrypted files and threatened to release stolen data unless the ransom was paid.

Maze effectively started a trend that other ransomware groups have since adopted.

• Impact: Maze targeted several prominent organizations, including Canon, LG Electronics, and the City of Pensacola. The attack on Pensacola was particularly damaging, with threats of releasing sensitive information adding pressure to pay the ransom.
• Ransom Demand: Often in the range of hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars.
• Resolution: Maze has since been disbanded, but its operators reportedly moved on to other ransomware strains, perpetuating the double-extortion model.

REvil (Sodinokibi) Ransomware (2019-2021)

REvil, also known as Sodinokibi, quickly gained a reputation for targeting high-profile businesses with massive ransom demands.

The group behind REvil is also known for offering Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS), which allows other cybercriminals to use the malware in exchange for a share of the profits.

• Impact: REvil is behind some of the largest ransomware attacks, including attacks on JBS (the world’s largest meat supplier) and Kaseya, a managed service provider. The Kaseya attack alone impacted up to 1,500 businesses worldwide.
• Ransom Demand: Ranged from $70 million in the Kaseya attack to smaller amounts, depending on the size of the organization.
• Resolution: REvil’s servers were taken down in a coordinated effort by global law enforcement agencies, though ransomware affiliates and copycats remain active.

Conti Ransomware (2020-Present)

Conti ransomware is known for targeting organizations with critical data and significant financial resources.

This ransomware strain employs a “double extortion” model, similar to Maze, threatening to leak data if the ransom is unpaid.

• Impact: Conti has hit hospitals, government agencies, and critical infrastructure. In one notable incident, Conti attacked Ireland’s Health Service Executive (HSE), disrupting healthcare services across the country and reportedly costing over $600 million in losses.
• Ransom Demand: Typically in the millions, depending on the size and type of organization.
• Resolution: While HSE refused to pay, Conti has continued to target various sectors with lucrative demands and is known to be highly adaptable and persistent.

DarkSide (Colonial Pipeline Attack, 2021)

In May 2021, DarkSide ransomware struck Colonial Pipeline, one of the largest fuel pipeline operators in the United States.

The attack led to a six-day shutdown of the pipeline, causing fuel shortages, price spikes, and panic buying across the East Coast.

• Impact: The Colonial Pipeline attack highlighted the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to ransomware, sparking government action and raising awareness of the need for stringent cybersecurity measures.
• Ransom Demand: Colonial Pipeline paid around $4.4 million in Bitcoin to regain access to its systems, though law enforcement later recovered a portion of the ransom.
• Resolution: Following public pressure and law enforcement efforts, DarkSide ceased operations shortly after the attack, though its affiliates are believed to have moved on to other ransomware strains.

Key Takeaways from Infamous Ransomware Attacks

Each of these cases underscores several lessons for organizations and individuals alike:

1. Cyber Hygiene is Crucial: Regular software updates, employee training, and robust security measures are essential to mitigate ransomware risk.
2. An Incident Response Plan Matters: With ransomware strains like NotPetya that can destroy data beyond recovery, having secure, offline backups is a lifeline.
3. Network Segmentation Can Save the Day: Isolating sensitive data and critical systems can limit the impact of an attack, particularly for larger organizations.
4. Double and Triple Extortion Models Are Rising: The trend started by Maze has only grown, making it vital for organizations to have strong data protection policies to prevent data leaks.
5. Regulatory Attention and Law Enforcement Actions Are Increasing: The Colonial Pipeline attack, in particular, underscored the need for a national and global response to ransomware, leading to tighter regulations and collaborations across governments to combat these threats.
   

Final Thoughts: Stay One Step Ahead

Ransomware isn’t just a threat; it’s an ever-evolving challenge that demands vigilance, knowledge, and proactive measures.

By understanding the ransomware types—from crypto ransomware and locker ransomware to scareware and wiper malware—you can build a fortress of cybersecurity around your digital life.

Remember, early detection and robust security software can be the difference between a failed ransomware attack and losing access to your most critical data.

The stakes are high, but with the right security measures and tools, you can outmaneuver even the craftiest of cyber criminals. So, stay updated, stay alert, and maybe—just maybe—have that VPN running while you’re at it. Better safe than ransom-sorry!

‍